Policy Making Essay Example for Free

Policy Making Essay In the United States, a Constitutional form of government mandates a separation of powers between the respective branches of government. Therefore, the methods and avenues of the policymaking process are complex. Because of this unique separation between its executive and legislative functions (Schroedel 3) the governmental system in America lacks a formal hierarchical or organic link between the executive and the legislative branches of government (Schroedel 3) and this results in two primary progenitors of policymaking. Policy may be forwarded by the legislative or executive branches. The idea behind the division of policymaking powers to establish a government composed of functionally separated branches that are required to share legislative responsibilities (Schroedel 4) with neither of the branches exerting primacy. In addition to the formal branches of government, policymaking is impacted by public activism and public opinion as well as media. Such influence, often referred to as agenda setting, can be a primary motivator in the policymaking chain. Plainly stated, Agenda-setting is the course by which issues are adopted for Governmental consideration and perhaps remedy (Nelson 161), so, technically, one of the branches of government, legislative or executive, must at some point be engaged in the policymaking process set forth by public agenda-setting. A case which illustrates the combination of all aspects of policymaking fro public activism to legislative and executive influence, is the issue of child abuse in America. Rather than having long-standing laws and protections against child abuse, It was not until the 1950s and 1960s [ ] that the problem again came to the fore (Nelson 163); a key point being that the bringing of the problem to the forefront of public and governmental awareness lay largely with the media and with popular interest groups and activists. It was by examining how child abuse achieved these agendas that government came to understand new categorical social service policies (Nelson 163) and subsequent legislation broadened to include a more sensitive governmental response to rape, as well as recognition of such new problems as spouse abuse, child sexual abuse, child pornography, and abuse of the elderly (Nelson 163). The conclusion is that public interest and activism, along with the legislative and executive branches of government plays a pivotal role in policymaking in American government.

Symbolism in The Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat Essay -- Farming

Symbolism in The Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Edwidge Danticat's novel, The Farming of Bones is an epic portrayal of the relationship between Haitians and Dominicans under the rule of Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo leading up to the Slaughter of 1937. The novel revolves around a few main concepts, these being birth, death, identity, and place and displacement. Each of the aspects is represented by an inanimate object. Water, dreams, twins, and masks make up these representations. Symbolism is consistent throughout the novel and gives the clearly stated and unsophisticated language a deeper more complex meaning. While on the surface the novel is an easy read, the symbolism which is prominent throughout the novel complicates the audience's interpretation. The reader is left to look beyond the language and uncover the underlying themes of the novel. Through symbolism Danticat is able to use inanimate objects to represent each of her character's more deeply rooted problems. In order to prove this theory true, I w ill thoroughly examine the aforementioned symbolic devices and provide a clear interpretation of their significance in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first example of symbolism we encounter is in the first chapter and comes in the form of dreams. When Amabelle and Sebastian open up to one another it is through their shared experiences, which are most usually, their dreams. They are able to be the most themselves when they are not in real life experiences, though it sounds like an oxymoron, the juxtapose between dreams and reality says a great deal about the characters. Dreams are essentially escapes from reality, and when Amabelle and Sebastian share their dreams with one another it serves as an escape. It becomes clear that they share the desire to escape, but escape from what exactly, their pasts, presence, or futures? This implication of escape prepares readers for the escapes made by the lovers near the end of the story. On page 2 Amabelle says of her nocturnal escapes, "It's either be in a nightmare or be nowhere at all. Or otherwise simply float inside these remembrances, grieving for who I was, and e ven more for what I've become." This quotation implies that that even her life has become a nightmare. Readers can infer that a good night's sleep would be Amabelle's only chance of escape. Her nightmares are destroying her life, and her life... ...he offered it to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Farming of Bones is not only an amazing work of literature, but a wonderful example of post-colonial literature. It has all the classic experiential images; dualism, confrontation, liberation, and identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The presence of symbolism throughout the novel is undeniable. Each of the symbols in the work are representative of a certain aspect of the characters lives. Dreams showed readers the desire of characters to escape their realities. The twins that Senora Valencia gives birth to are clearly meant to represent the neighboring nations of Haiti and The Dominican Republic. Water is primarily symbolic of life and death, but in this case readers are expected to come to their own conclusions regarding the river. Using these symbols allows the author to make discrete yet important additions to her writing without disrupting the format of the novel. Aside from serving as a benefit to the authors writing style, they can also be seen as an artistic addition which brings the entire novel to a different level. The use of symbolism in The Farming of Bones is not only extraordinarily well written but also completely essential to the story as a whole.

Ojt Report

History of PC Gilmore Fast-becoming one of today's leading computer distributors and systems integrators, PC Gilmore Computer Center, or PC Gilmore Corporation, boasts of the widest reliable brands of computer products and services of the highest quality at very low prices. In short, we are a virtual discount computer outlet store. Formed in 2001 under the original name West Avenue Computer Center, PC Gilmore started out as a computer-retailing business with a vision to deliver utmost customer satisfaction at competitive prices without compromising quality.As such, this immediately impacted on its clientele base and soon thereafter, the Company expanded operations by offering systems integration solutions and internet telephony as well. It eventually branched out to Metro Manila suburbs to meet its ever-rising customer demand. Despite the rapid pace in the information technology industry, PC Gilmore has managed to keep abreast of the competition. To date, the Company has five (5) sal es offices and service centers manned by dedicated and well-trained personnel to serve individuals, professionals, business offices, government entities, commercial establishments, schools and among others.These are located at: †¢PLATINUM †¢VMALL †¢CUBAO †¢WEST AVE †¢SM NORTH †¢CALOOCAN †¢HARRISON †¢MOA And because of the Company's â€Å"overachievement† since its formation only in 2001, PC Gilmore is very optimistic that it would soon be able to expand further its branch network operations within and outside Metro Manila and possibly in selected areas of Luzon. This is in line with our utmost commitment to reach out to our far-flung customers old and new.

Expressive Discourse Definitions and Perspectives

In composition studies, expressive discourse is a general term for writing or speech that focuses on the identity and/or the experience of the writer or speaker. Typically, a personal narrative would fall under the category of expressive discourse. Also called  expressivism, expressive writing, and subjective discourse.   In a number of articles published in the 1970s, composition theorist James Britton contrasted expressive discourse (which functions primarily as a means of generating ideas) with two other function categories: transactional discourse (writing that informs or persuades) and poetic discourse (the creative or literary mode of writing). In a book titled Expressive Discourse (1989), composition theorist Jeanette Harris argued that the concept is virtually meaningless because it is so poorly defined. In place of a single category called expressive discourse, she recommended analyzing the types of discourse presently classified as expressive and identify[ing] them by terms that are commonly accepted or that are sufficiently descriptive to be used with some precision and accuracy. Commentary Expressive discourse, because it begins with subjective response and moves progressively toward more objective stances, is an ideal form of discourse for learners. It enables freshman writers to interact in much more honest and less abstract ways with what they read. It would, for example, encourage freshmen to objectify their own feelings and experience before they read; it would encourage freshmen to respond more systematically and objectively to textual focal points as they were reading; and it would allow freshmen to avoid taking on the more abstract poses of experts when they wrote about what a story, essay, or news article meant after they had finished reading it. The freshman writer, then, uses writing to express the process of reading itself, to articulate and objectify what Louise Rosenblatt calls the transaction between the text and its reader. (Joseph J. Comprone, Recent Research in Reading and Its Implications for the College Composition Curriculum. Landmark Essays on Advanced Composition, ed. by Gary A. Olson and Julie Drew. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996) Shifting Emphasis on Expressive Discourse The emphasis on expressive discourse has had a strong influence on the American educational scene--some have felt too strong--and there have been pendulum swings away from and then back again to an emphasis on this kind of writing. Some educators see expressive discourse as a psychological beginning for all types of writing, and consequently they tend to place it at the beginning of syllabuses or textbooks and even to emphasize it more at the elementary and secondary levels and to ignore it as the college level. Others see its overlap with other aims of discourse at all levels of education. (Nancy Nelson and James L. Kinneavy, Rhetoric. Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts, 2nd ed., ed. by James Flood et al. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003) The Value of Expressive Discourse Not surprisingly, we find contemporary theorists and social critics disagreeing about the value of expressive discourse. In some discussions it is seen as the lowest form of discourse--as when a discourse is characterized as merely expressive, or subjective, or personal, as opposed to full-fledged academic or critical discourse. In other discussions, expression is seen as the highest undertaking in discourse--as when literary works (or even works of academic criticism or theory) are seen as works of expression, not merely of communication. In this view, expression may be seen as more importantly a matter of the artifact and its effect on a reader than a matter of the artifacts relation to the authors self. (Expressionism. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication From Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996) The Social Function of Expressive Discourse [James L.] Kinneavy [in A Theory of Discourse, 1971] argues that through expressive discourse the self moves from a private meaning to a shared meaning that results ultimately in some action. Rather than a primal whine, expressive discourse moves away from solipsism toward accommodation with the world and accomplishes purposeful action. As a consequence, Kinneavy elevates expressive discourse to the same order as referential, persuasive, and literary discourse.But expressive discourse is not the exclusive province of the individual; it also has a social function. Kinneavys analysis of the Declaration of Independence makes this clear. Contesting the claim that the purpose of the declaration is persuasive, Kinneavy traces its evolution through several drafts to prove that its primary aim is expressive: to establish an American group identity (410). Kinneavys analysis suggests that rather than being individualistic and other-worldly or naive and narcissistic, expressive discourse can be ideologically empowering. (Christopher C. Burnham, Expressivism. Theorizing Composition: A Critical Sourcebook of Theory And Scholarship in Contemporary Composition Studies, ed. by Mary Lynch Kennedy. IAP, 1998) Further Reading Basic WritingDiaryDiscourseFreewritingJournalTwelve Reasons to Keep a Writers DiaryWriter-Based ProseYour Writing: Private and Public