Research Paper Helicobacter Pylori

Helicobacter pylori Previously named Campylobacter pyloridis, is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found in the stomach. Microbiology (B1325) Research news report Detailed Introduction Helicobacter pylori argon a species of epsilon proteobacteria which colonizes the harsh environment of the human stomach. Its name refers to both its spiral shape (Helicobacter) and the area of the lower stomach which it habitually colonizes the gateway (pylorus) between the stomach and small intestine (Meyers, 2007).This bacterium is thought to be present within up to 50% of the human population and has been cerebrate to the development of a number of opposite medical conditions (Chalmers et al. 2004). This report will provide information about the discovery of H. pylori as well as its structural characteristics, taxonomic information, biochemical/metabolic characteristics, chemotherapeutic methods of control/treatment/ obliteration, immunological responses, pathological information, a nd epidemiology information. Morphological Characteristics Helicobacter pylori are a spiral-shaped, Gram-negative rod close to 0. x 3. 0 micrometers in size. It is catalase- confident(p) organism which has 4-6 sheathed flagella attached to bingle pole which allow for motility. It lives in the human stomach and duodenum. H. pylori take five major outer(a) membrane protein (OMP) families. The largest family includes cognize and putative adhesions. The other four families include porins, iron transporters, flagellum-associated proteins and proteins of unknown function. Like other typical Gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane of H. pylori consists of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).The O antigen of LPS may be fucosylated and mimic Lewis blood group antigens found on the gastric epithelium. The outer membrane in like manner contains cholesterol glucosides, which are found in few other bacteria. H. pylori has four to six lophotrichous flagella all gastric and entero hepatic Helicobacter species are highly motile due to flagella. The characteristic sheathed flagella filaments of Helicobacter are composed of ii copolymerized flagellants, FlaA and FlaB. 1(From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Taxonomic Information Helicobacter pylori are a gram-negative, spiral-shaped organism associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans.It has a worldwide prevalence, with approximately 50% of the worlds population infected. before the first closing off and documentation of this organism from the human stomach in 1982, it was assumed that the human stomach was a sterile environment because of the high levels of acid, which would overleap it as an ecologic niche for any organism. This bacterium is the human-adapted Helicobacter primarily found in the gastric mucosa and areas of gastric metaplasia in the duodenum and nonchalantly in Meckels diverticulum and the rectum. It has been polished rarely from feces, blood, and saliva.It can be detected by polym erase chain reaction (PCR) in dental brass section and feces. In the latter instances, the viability of the bacteria is in question. H. pylori also shoot been found in nonhuman primates and cats. H. pylori detection in animals is not common and could be due to human contact with animals. To date, no environmental reservoir has been shown. 2(http//www. gastro. theclinics. com/article/S0889-8553(05)70135-7/abstract) Biochemical/Metabolic Characteristics The genus Helicobacter was created in 1989 with H. pylori as the type species. Since then the genus has expanded to include about 18 species.Some species were reclassified from Campylobacter, but most were freshly discovered microorganisms from gastric or intestinal sites in mammalian host animals. The essential property of almost all helicobacter is the presence of sheathed flagella. Most species possess strong ureolytic ability, particularly those associated with gastric mucosa, and exhibit considerable diversity in cell morpholog y with respect to cell length, number and location of flagella, and presence of periplasmic fibrils. H. pylori pass a global distribution and infect human gastric mucosa exclusively but there is some evidence for infection in cats.Genomes of isolates from different individuals are unusual in their diversity in gene order and sequences within individual genes. H. heilmannii1 is another gastric spiral shaped organism slight frequently infecting humans but commonly found in cat and dog gastric tissue. H. felis is important in the mouse model of infection. A range of conventional phenotypic tests as well as some new PCR based assays are obtainable for identifying isolates of Helicobacter from clinical specimens. 11( http//bmb. oxfordjournals. org/content/54/1/17. full. pdf) Chemotherapeutic Methods of Control, Treatment, and EradicationTreatment If you are found to conduct Helicobacter pylori infection, you may wish to have antibiotic treatment of some kind. Treatment of Helicobacte r pylori is usually simple straight forward. However, occasional patients need repeated endoscopies, biopsies, breath tests and several courses of treatment with different antibiotic combinations. After treatment of H. pylori, it is necessary to repeat one of these tests to see if the germ has been killed or eradicated for good. Only breath tests or endoscopy with biopsy can be used to prove that the bacterium has been eradicated.The blood tests *(serology) is not suitable to monitor H. pylori eradication because antibodies to H. pylori may persist in positive for months or even years after successfully killing the H. pylori. 3 (http//www. helico. com/? q=TreatmentForHelicobacterPylori) Eradication Prolonging the treatment period is a possible strategy for improving H. pylori eradication rates. Several studies have been published that tested this approach, including this paper by Calvet et al. These authors studied the value of extending PPI-based triple therapy from 7 to 10 days and found no excess benefit for patients with peptic ulcers.There was, however, a significant benefit for nonulcer dyspepsia patients (an increase from 66% to 77% in the intention-to-treat analysis and from 73% to 91% in the per-protocol analysis). The authors think that the treatment period should be extended from 7 to 10 days for patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. As most eradication therapy, however, is given to patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia, it is not unreasonable to argue that eternal therapy should be given to all subjects. Distinguishing between patients with ulcer and nonulcer dyspepsia is therefore rather academic and impractical.The most obvious one is that existing PPI-based triple therapy regimens are not perfect. In the community at large, up to 30% of patients might fail this therapy. If clinicians prescribe triple therapy it should therefore be prescribed for longer than 7 days. This runs the attempt of decreased patient compliance, much side effects and a greater cost, but ultimately it boils down to local and national guidelines, which vary from one country to another. Alternatively, clinicians might consider some of the newer eradication approaches, such as use of fluoroquinolone-based therapy or sequential treatment.The latter comprises quadruple therapy over a 10-day period, beginning with a PPI plus amoxicillin (1,000 mg twice daily) for the first 5 days, followed by PPI plus clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) and tinidazole (500 mg twice daily) for another 5 days. Intention-to-treat analysis eradication rates of 97%, 92%, and 94% have been reported in children, adults and elderly patients, respectively. Ultimately, clinicians should still strive towards a some(prenominal) simpler eradication strategy, but this will require investment in novel antibiotic discovery or a better understanding of the pathogenesis of H. ylori. Either way, there is much to be gained from continued interest in this little organism. 4(http//www. med scape. com/viewarticle/525100_2) Immunological Responses Lifelong Helicobacter pylori infection and its associated gastric inflammation underlie peptic ulceration and gastric carcinogenesis. The resistant and inflammatory responses to H. pylori are doubly responsible gastric inflammation is the main mediator of pathology, and the immune and inflammatory response is ineffective, allowing lifelong bacterial persistence.However, despite bring on gastric inflammation, most infections do not cause disease, and bacterial, host and environmental factors determine individual disease risk. Although H. pylori avoid many innate immune receptors, specific virulence factors (including those encoded on the cag pathogenicity island) stimulate innate immunity to increase gastric inflammation and increase disease risk. An acquired T helper 1 response up regulates local immune effectors. The extent to which environmental factors (including parasite infection), host factors and H. ylori itself influ ence T-helper differentiation and regulatory T-cell responses remains controversial. Finally, effective vaccines have still not been true a better understanding of the immune response to H. pylori may help. 5(http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/17382275) Pathological Information Until the discovery of Helicobacter in 1982, ulcers were thought to be caused by stress. Now it is known that ulcers, in addition to gastritis, are caused by a bacterial infection of H. pylori. Though relatively easy to treat with antibiotics, H. ylori can be a risk factor for gastric cancer if it becomes a long-term infection 6 (Stated by D. J. Kelly, 2004. The University of Sheffield). The bodys natural defenses cannot combat H. pylori because white and killer T cells cannot easily get through the stomach lining. The defense cells eventually die, spilling their superoxide radicals on stomach lining cells, on which H. pylori can feed6 (Stated by Helicobacter Foundation, 2004). Epidemiology Information T he frequency of H pylori infection in the United States may be linked to race. White persons account for 29% of cases, and Hispanic persons account for 60% of cases.Internationally, H pylori are a ubiquitous organism. At least 50% of all people are infected, but an exact determination is not available, mostly because exact data are not available from developing countries. H pylori may be detected in approximately 90% of individuals with peptic ulcer disease however, less than 15% of infected persons may have this disease. The mortality rate related to H pylori infection is not precisely known, but it seems to be minimal (i. e. , approximately 2-4% of all infected people). mortality rate is due to the complications of the infection, uch as gastric ulcer perforation or MALTomas of the GI tract. Otherwise, the morbidity of H pylori infection can be very high. 7(http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/176938-overviewa0199) The pathogenetic role of H pylori may differ depending on geogra phy and race. White persons are infected with H pylori less frequently than persons of other racial groups. The prevalence rate is approximately 20% in white persons, 54% in African American persons, and 60% in Hispanic persons. No sex predilection is known however, females have a higher incidence of reinfection (5-8%) than males.H pylori infection may be acquired at any age. According to some epidemiologic studies, this infection is acquired most frequently during childhood. Children and females have a higher incidence of reinfection (5-8%) than adult males. 7(http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/176938-overviewa0199) Cultural Characteristics Approximately two-thirds of the worlds population is infected with H. pylori. In the United States, H. pylori are more prevalent among older adults, African Americans, Hispanics, and lower socioeconomic groups. It is not known how H. ylori are transmitted or why some patients become symptomatic age others do not. The bacteria are most likel y spread from person to person through fecal-oral or oral-oral routes. Possible environmental reservoirs include contaminated body of water sources. Iatrogenic spread through contaminated endoscopes has been documented but can be prevented by proper cleaning of equipment. 8(Centers for disease and control prevention) Case battleground 1 Title Correlation of Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinoma. Authors Khanna, AK, Seth, P, Nath, G, Dixit, V K, Kumar, M Issue Date 26-Jan-2002Citation Khanna AK, Seth P, Nath G, Dixit VK, Kumar M. Correlation of Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinoma. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2002 Jan-Mar 48(1) 27-8 Language Eng. grapheme Journal hold Abstract BACKGROUND Difference of opinion about the prevalence of H. pylori association with gastric cancer exists in the literature. AIMS To study the correlation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) to gastric carcinoma. METHODS 50 proved cases of gastric cancer were studied by rapid urease test, cult ure, histopathology and ELISA test for H. pylori IgG.RESULTS 68% of cases of gastric cancer were found to be positive for H. pylori infection as compared to 74% of healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence rate of H. pylori infection in our patients of gastric cancer was lower than in the control population though statistically not significant, suggesting that H. pylori may not be responsible for gastric carcinogenesis in this population. Source URI http//www. jpgmonline. com URI http//imsear. hellis. org/ clasp/123456789/116058 MeSH * Adult * Case-Control Studies * Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay * Female Helicobacter Infections complications * Helicobacter pylori isolation & purification * Humans * Male * Middle Aged * Prevalence 9(http//imsear. hellis. org/handle/123456789/116058Stomach Neoplasms microbiology) Case Study 2 Title Helicobacter pylori in dental governing body of children and their family members. Authors Gill, H H, Shankaran, K, Desai, H G Issue Date 1-Sep-199 4 Citation Gill HH, Shankaran K, Desai HG. Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque of children and their family members. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 1994 Sep 42(9) 719, 721 Language Eng.Type Journal Article Abstract A prospective study was undertaken to determine the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the dental plaque of children and their family members. 22 children (age range 2-12 years males 16) admitted to the pediatric ward for unhomogeneous disorders and 17 healthy family members (age range 7-40 years males 9) of 13 of these children were screened for presence of Helicobacter pylori in the dental plaque by the rapid urease test. H. pylori were detected in dental plaque of 82% (18/22) children and 88% (15/17) of family members.In 85% (28/33) of the positive cases the rapid urease test was positive within 1 hour. Our observations indicate that Helicobacter pylori are present in the dental plaque of majority of children and their family members. Source URI h ttp//www. japi. org URI http//imsear. hellis. org/handle/123456789/95238 MeSH * Child * Child, Preschool * Dental Plaque microbiology * Family Health * Female * Helicobacter pylori isolation & purification * Humans * Male * Prospective Studies Appears in Collections Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 10(http//imsear. ellis. org/handle/123456789/95238) Conclusion The author covered morphological characteristics, taxonomic information, biochemical/metabolic characteristics, chemotherapeutic methods of control/treatment/eradication, immunological responses, pathological information, and epidemiology in this paper. The overwhelming conclusion is that it is critical to survival of the human race that hygiene and education will be the best possible steps to defeat an increasing body of bacteria in our world. References 1. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2. http//www. gastro. theclinics. om/article/S0889-8553(05)70135-7/abstract) 3. http//www. helico. com/? q=Treatmen tForHelicobacterPylori 4. http//www. medscape. com/viewarticle/525100_2 5. http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/17382275 6. Stated by D. J. Kelly, 2004. The University of Sheffield 7. http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/176938-overviewa0199 8. Centers for disease and control prevention 9. http//imsear. hellis. org/handle/123456789/116058Stomach Neoplasms microbiology 10. http//imsear. hellis. org/handle/123456789/95238 11. http//bmb. oxfordjournals. org/content/54/1/17. full. pdf